ISRO Achieves Milestone in Semi-Cryogenic Engine Testing
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully conducted a crucial hot test on its semi-cryogenic engine, SE2000, marking a significant step forward in propulsion technology for future heavy-lift space missions. This test, known as the Power Head Test Article (PHTA), evaluated the integrated performance of key engine subsystems, including the gas generator and turbo pumps. This achievement brings ISRO closer to developing a functional cryogenic stage essential for launch vehicle booster propulsion.
Validation of Key Engine Systems
According to ISRO, the PHTA test involved a hot-firing that lasted 4.5 seconds, which was critical for characterizing the ignition of the pre-burner and validating the performance of essential engine components. The propulsion system, measuring approximately three meters, was tested without the thrust chamber. This test follows an earlier attempt in July 2023 at ISRO’s Mahendragiri facility, which was halted due to technical issues. Since then, extensive modifications have been implemented to enhance the system’s reliability. The semi-cryogenic engine is designed to generate a thrust of 2,000 kiloNewtons (kN), offering improved efficiency for future space missions.
Advancements in Propulsion Systems
ISRO has been concentrating on liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene-based propulsion systems, which present several advantages over traditional cryogenic engines. Unlike liquid hydrogen, which requires storage at -253 degrees Celsius, kerosene is more stable and cost-effective. These semi-cryogenic systems provide higher-density impulse and greater operational flexibility. The space agency is also working to optimize the Launch Vehicle Mk III (LVM3) by integrating a C32 cryogenic upper stage, which will enhance payload capacity by 25%, enabling spacecraft to carry up to 5.1 tonnes to the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit without incurring additional costs.
Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) Development
In preparation for the Gaganyaan missions, ISRO is advancing the development of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). This vehicle is designed for human-rated missions and will feature reusable first-stage technology along with LOX-based propulsion, allowing for an enhanced payload capacity of up to 30 tonnes in Low Earth Orbit. V Narayanan, Chairman of ISRO and Secretary of the Department of Space, emphasized that research is ongoing to develop advanced propulsion systems. These innovations aim to facilitate long-distance space travel by enabling transitions between atmospheric and cryogenic engine modes mid-flight. Additionally, efforts are being made to recover and reuse launch vehicle components, a capability recently demonstrated in preliminary experiments. ISRO continues to refine its propulsion technologies, with further tests anticipated to enhance the efficiency and reliability of upcoming space missions.
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